1 00:00:16,48 --> 00:00:18,27 It's found in only a few hills 2 00:00:18,27 --> 00:00:21,49 and valleys throughout the world mainly in the United States and Canada 3 00:00:21,49 --> 00:00:26,66 and Mexico in Peru and Venezuela in the Balkans along the Persian Gulf 4 00:00:27,37 --> 00:00:30,11 and in the dock East Indies over half the all 5 00:00:30,11 --> 00:00:34,25 that has been produced in the whole world which produced in the United States 6 00:00:34,25 --> 00:00:36,71 namely in the state of Texas California. 7 00:00:37,22 --> 00:00:38,15 Sienna 8 00:00:38,15 --> 00:00:43,62 and Oklahoma the story of Howell is brought up from far down in the earth is exciting. 9 00:00:43,69 --> 00:00:45,15 The product of oil 10 00:00:45,15 --> 00:00:50,61 or petroleum are necessary for us to live the way we do today we need gasoline to 11 00:00:50,61 --> 00:00:55,94 run our automobiles an airplane fuel oil to run our modern trains kerosene to heat 12 00:00:55,94 --> 00:01:00,97 our houses and of course we need a lawyer that keep our car from machines running. 13 00:01:01,89 --> 00:01:03,84 Bob Gaffner lives near the oil fields 14 00:01:03,84 --> 00:01:09,21 and likes to watch the men drill for oil they Hightower's 15 00:01:09,21 --> 00:01:16,19 or derricks are needed to lift the long length of pipe over the wells there the men 16 00:01:16,19 --> 00:01:30,89 are lowering the drill pipe into the well. 17 00:01:30,91 --> 00:01:33,21 They swing another length into position 18 00:01:33,21 --> 00:01:37,64 and screw it to the top of the last length of pipe that was lowered. 19 00:01:43,05 --> 00:01:47,90 The men use a large wrench called a Tom to screw the length of pipe together 20 00:01:51,01 --> 00:01:55,00 the pipe is slowly lowered into the well by the large yellow pulley 21 00:01:55,00 --> 00:01:59,60 or block as a whole becomes deeper more length of pipe are added at the top. 22 00:02:00,00 --> 00:02:05,13 They drill deep enough to find the oil deposits the men make frequent tests to find 23 00:02:05,13 --> 00:02:09,26 out which layer of rock or sand contains the most oil. 24 00:02:09,28 --> 00:02:14,33 Formerly oil drilling was a gamble. Many fortunes were made and lost. 25 00:02:14,35 --> 00:02:16,12 It is still a hazardous occupation 26 00:02:16,12 --> 00:02:18,89 but with modern scientific methods for finding the oil 27 00:02:18,89 --> 00:02:21,17 and with the improved growing machinery. 28 00:02:21,38 --> 00:02:25,28 There is a far greater chance for success when they drill. 29 00:02:25,30 --> 00:02:27,81 Bob asked why the men wear metal hats. 30 00:02:28,06 --> 00:02:32,28 That's easy tools might be dropped accidentally by the men who work at the top of 31 00:02:32,28 --> 00:02:34,14 the derrick. 32 00:02:36,80 --> 00:02:39,97 The hole is actually drilled by a square pipe called a callee 33 00:02:39,97 --> 00:02:44,92 that is always fastened on the top of the drill pipe the callee fit into a strong 34 00:02:44,92 --> 00:02:49,16 table. That is turned round and round by powerful engines this turns 35 00:02:49,16 --> 00:02:54,03 that relish the bottom of the well as a hole becomes deeper more drill pipes are 36 00:02:54,03 --> 00:02:56,04 added the piece of machinery 37 00:02:56,04 --> 00:02:59,00 that digs the hole at the bottom of the drill pipe is the bit. 38 00:02:59,24 --> 00:03:01,31 Jerry shows Bob the bit. 39 00:03:01,58 --> 00:03:06,28 The set of teeth turn round and round to dig a hole just like cause. 40 00:03:06,30 --> 00:03:06,79 It is said 41 00:03:06,79 --> 00:03:11,99 that oil hunters never can be sure of a strike until a bit cut into the oil sand 42 00:03:11,99 --> 00:03:15,79 or oil rock noticed a large center hole mud 43 00:03:15,80 --> 00:03:20,15 and water are washed with great force from the top of the callee down the center of 44 00:03:20,15 --> 00:03:23,75 the pipes through this hole in the bit the water 45 00:03:23,75 --> 00:03:27,01 and mud clean off the teeth of the bit and contain chemicals 46 00:03:27,01 --> 00:03:31,67 that make the mud in the hole form a hard crust that seals up the hole. 47 00:03:31,68 --> 00:03:34,48 This prevents cave ins and keeps the water and gas 48 00:03:34,48 --> 00:03:38,44 and the different layers of earth from pouring into the well and stopping it up. 49 00:03:40,17 --> 00:03:41,72 Notice how clean the engines are 50 00:03:42,52 --> 00:03:44,45 when the men have finished drilling a section of the well. 51 00:03:44,69 --> 00:03:49,14 They build the permanent well to this depth the permanent well is made out of heavy 52 00:03:49,14 --> 00:03:51,24 pipes called casing. 53 00:03:51,25 --> 00:03:52,90 Thus they alternate the drilling 54 00:03:52,90 --> 00:03:57,84 and the laying of the permanent pipe the length of pipe are screwed together with 55 00:03:57,84 --> 00:04:03,82 the tongue in the same way that the grill. Pipes are screwed together. 56 00:04:03,84 --> 00:04:06,90 The men stepped back out of the way of the machinery to avoid accidents 57 00:04:08,77 --> 00:04:14,61 and now the large fire goes down just think sometimes these pipes go three miles 58 00:04:14,61 --> 00:04:15,61 down into the ground 59 00:04:22,10 --> 00:04:26,58 when they have finished drilling the wells they place a small pipe called tubing 60 00:04:26,58 --> 00:04:28,24 inside the heavy casing 61 00:04:28,24 --> 00:04:33,44 and this small pipe carries the oil to the surface at the bottom of the way old gas 62 00:04:33,44 --> 00:04:35,38 and rock pressure force the O.L. 63 00:04:35,38 --> 00:04:38,53 Out of the sand and porous rock and into the tubing. 64 00:04:39,69 --> 00:04:45,68 A high tower called a mast is used to lift the small tubing over the well the 65 00:04:45,68 --> 00:04:48,54 derrick man at the top of the mast passes the tubing in the block 66 00:04:48,54 --> 00:04:53,21 and swings it over the well the men screw the length of tubing together 67 00:04:53,21 --> 00:04:56,95 and signal a driller who runs the engine to lower it into the well 68 00:04:57,94 --> 00:05:01,62 when the well is drilled the pump will be put in position on top of 69 00:05:07,65 --> 00:05:11,98 the Long Beach oil fields have produced millions of barrels of oil these pumps are 70 00:05:11,98 --> 00:05:14,91 modern and up to date they go up and down up 71 00:05:14,91 --> 00:05:19,89 and down perhaps bringing a fortune to the people who own the wells look like a 72 00:05:19,89 --> 00:05:22,67 roll of animals not me and yes the part 73 00:05:22,67 --> 00:05:27,09 that bow is really is called the horses is the cross rod that goes up 74 00:05:27,09 --> 00:05:31,75 and down like a teeter totter is called a pony rod on the opposite side from the 75 00:05:31,75 --> 00:05:37,20 head is the counterbalance Bob Look at the oil pressure gauge it is watched 76 00:05:37,20 --> 00:05:38,91 carefully by the men who service the wells. 77 00:05:39,32 --> 00:05:42,69 Shows the men that the oil well is producing at this. 78 00:05:42,74 --> 00:05:46,50 Well a valuable oil is leaking in the repair crew must find the trouble there. 79 00:05:46,51 --> 00:05:48,57 Good mechanics and soon the well will be working. 80 00:05:48,69 --> 00:05:53,34 No one knows exactly how oil is made it is generally thought that plant 81 00:05:53,34 --> 00:05:55,69 and animal life buried far down in the earth 82 00:05:55,69 --> 00:05:59,77 that is to prehistoric seas was changed slowly into oil. 83 00:06:00,00 --> 00:06:04,16 Probably by pressure heat and the decaying of the tiny plant and animal life. 84 00:06:04,49 --> 00:06:09,43 They say the Texas tar greatest oil producing state literally rests on an ocean of 85 00:06:09,43 --> 00:06:13,50 oil the men paint the pumps often to protect them from dirt and water. 86 00:06:13,52 --> 00:06:14,69 Eric wears a mask. 87 00:06:15,22 --> 00:06:20,04 So that he will not breathe the poison fumes from the pain the what gas 88 00:06:20,04 --> 00:06:24,74 that comes up with the oil sometimes is run off at the wells you can see the gas 89 00:06:24,74 --> 00:06:26,26 tanks are trapped at the Wells 90 00:06:26,26 --> 00:06:30,45 and at the field storage tanks waste water also comes up with A.O.L. 91 00:06:30,45 --> 00:06:36,40 and Is removed at the field storage tanks these three boilers heat the oil so 92 00:06:36,40 --> 00:06:37,74 that it will float on top of the water 93 00:06:37,74 --> 00:06:40,50 and the men can remove the water from the bottom of the tanks. 94 00:06:41,41 --> 00:06:44,92 Here they all is pumped from the field tanks to the refineries with their huge 95 00:06:44,92 --> 00:06:45,95 storage tanks. 96 00:06:47,05 --> 00:06:50,98 Sometimes the crude oil is carried in pipes across several states to the refineries. 97 00:06:51,11 --> 00:06:56,25 For example a pipeline carries oil from Texas all the way to New York the crude oil 98 00:06:56,25 --> 00:07:01,05 also is carried to the refineries by train by ship and by tanker trucks. 99 00:07:01,07 --> 00:07:06,96 Crude oil must be changed at the refineries into the products we use wind is 100 00:07:06,96 --> 00:07:09,31 blowing a terrific gale and Bob is amazed 101 00:07:09,31 --> 00:07:14,31 that the men can work high up in the dairy they're taking the derrick apart to move 102 00:07:14,31 --> 00:07:19,54 it to another location they unbolt the different sections lower each section 103 00:07:19,54 --> 00:07:20,15 separately. 104 00:07:21,28 --> 00:07:26,27 The men are skilled to work high up on the narrow beams oilmen must be strong to 105 00:07:26,27 --> 00:07:27,49 operate the heavy machinery. 106 00:07:28,38 --> 00:07:30,52 They must think accurately in the midst of noise 107 00:07:30,52 --> 00:07:36,26 and confusion their very lives depend on each man's cooperating and doing his part. 108 00:07:36,55 --> 00:07:36,80 Well. 109 00:07:38,68 --> 00:07:43,03 The men walk on the narrow ledges as unconcernedly as if they were walking on the 110 00:07:43,03 --> 00:07:44,39 ground. 111 00:07:44,41 --> 00:07:48,27 The pay in the oil fields is high and attract many smart 112 00:07:48,27 --> 00:07:51,65 and well educated men. 113 00:07:53,12 --> 00:07:57,35 And now the ground crew pulled together to guard the heavy section as it is lowered 114 00:07:57,35 --> 00:07:58,27 slowly to the ground. 115 00:08:00,00 --> 00:08:04,56 Men who cannot keep up with the difficult work soon drift to other occupations. 116 00:08:06,60 --> 00:08:08,22 The man on the truck operates the engine 117 00:08:08,22 --> 00:08:15,38 that runs the lines. 118 00:08:16,47 --> 00:08:21,50 They unscrewed the bolts on another section this well produces a large quantity of 119 00:08:21,50 --> 00:08:25,14 oil and the men will replace the old pump with a modern one 120 00:08:26,61 --> 00:08:30,25 and down comes another section. 121 00:08:45,30 --> 00:08:49,45 They wind up the long lengths of line many different tools are used in drilling 122 00:08:49,45 --> 00:08:51,94 there are always kept in order ready for the next job. 123 00:08:52,20 --> 00:08:58,06 There is a special place on the truck for each part of the machinery. 124 00:08:59,01 --> 00:09:01,24 Bob here's the fire engines better hurry. 125 00:09:06,85 --> 00:09:09,26 What's that oil well burning. 126 00:09:09,28 --> 00:09:14,33 Just think right on the ocean beach thousands of dollars worth of oil burning up 127 00:09:14,33 --> 00:09:18,05 the men fear the whole oil field will catch fire 128 00:09:18,05 --> 00:09:23,40 and they're working desperately to prevent more loss large fire trucks stand in 129 00:09:23,40 --> 00:09:27,14 line to take turns pouring chemicals on the flames. 130 00:09:28,15 --> 00:09:32,49 The fire finally was put out by pouring water from the well next to it into the 131 00:09:32,49 --> 00:09:33,25 bottom of the well. 132 00:09:34,32 --> 00:09:37,76 This meant the temporary loss of the other well what prevented the fire from 133 00:09:37,76 --> 00:09:43,17 spreading to the rest of the field coil is one of our most important natural 134 00:09:43,17 --> 00:09:46,35 resources and it is necessary to be careful of our supply 135 00:09:46,35 --> 00:09:48,56 and save it in every way we can. 136 00:09:56,71 --> 00:10:02,74 Bob understands now that there is great danger of fire. In the oil industry. 137 00:10:05,30 --> 00:10:09,32 Every fire precaution is taken on the docks where the drums of oil are stored for 138 00:10:09,32 --> 00:10:10,29 shipment to the countries 139 00:10:10,29 --> 00:10:14,16 that need oil there are many large countries like France and Germany 140 00:10:14,86 --> 00:10:15,52 that do not have oil 141 00:10:15,52 --> 00:10:20,41 and must ship it in from the oil producing countries England does not have oil 142 00:10:20,41 --> 00:10:25,82 but the British Empire controls many of the foreign oil fields there is oil in 143 00:10:25,82 --> 00:10:29,33 Canada the Americans the English and the Dutch have found 144 00:10:29,33 --> 00:10:30,92 and produced most of the oil in the world. 145 00:10:31,25 --> 00:10:36,92 Bob like to ask the oil man questions about oil here the longshoremen are loading a 146 00:10:36,92 --> 00:10:41,12 freighter bound for France oil is the largest export from the ports of Long Beach 147 00:10:41,12 --> 00:10:42,21 and Los Angeles. 148 00:10:42,22 --> 00:10:47,98 They ship oil to Oregon Washington in the Orient two hundred million dollars worth 149 00:10:47,98 --> 00:10:48,34 a year. 150 00:10:49,46 --> 00:10:53,62 Bob thinks the oil drums look like bright colored toys he would like to try to ride 151 00:10:53,62 --> 00:11:00,19 one of the rolling drums. 152 00:11:03,70 --> 00:11:10,41 Or drums are hoisted onto the ship at one time each load is counted twice 153 00:11:11,92 --> 00:11:14,63 first on the dock by a checker from the oil company 154 00:11:15,53 --> 00:11:17,88 and again on board by ships officer. 155 00:11:19,47 --> 00:11:20,71 That's the companies buying 156 00:11:20,71 --> 00:11:27,41 and selling the oil both have a record of the oil shipped just think in one 157 00:11:27,41 --> 00:11:34,74 year the United States produces over three billion dollars worth of oil. 158 00:11:34,76 --> 00:11:38,22 Where oh Bob thinks this Cable's fool looks like an oil drum 159 00:11:38,93 --> 00:11:44,84 and we can try to ride it a careful air fella getting our. Pretty good. 160 00:11:45,16 --> 00:11:47,36 It's like a circle look up take it easy. 161 00:11:48,86 --> 00:11:53,89 Yes there is just like a circus performer that looks like a lot of fun. 162 00:11:53,90 --> 00:11:56,71 Bob. 163 00:12:04,13 --> 00:12:05,76 A large tanker steamed into port. 164 00:12:06,65 --> 00:12:11,13 Today many hundreds of oil tankers carry all from wells to the markets of the world 165 00:12:12,18 --> 00:12:17,46 these large tankers carry around one hundred thirty thousand barrels of oil the 166 00:12:17,47 --> 00:12:22,62 tankers refuel from the large hoses on the docks the hoses swung on to the ship 167 00:12:22,62 --> 00:12:28,97 and the oil flows directly into the tanks in the ship the flow of oil is controlled 168 00:12:28,97 --> 00:12:31,16 by large valves on the ship and on the dock. 169 00:12:32,19 --> 00:12:34,50 Oil ships are built with rows of tanks on each side. 170 00:12:34,86 --> 00:12:38,45 That's when the ship rolls the oil will not all shift to one side 171 00:12:38,45 --> 00:12:43,81 and capsize the ship down the center is the catwalk the crew can walk from the 172 00:12:43,81 --> 00:12:50,54 bottom of the stern without getting wet when the waves roll over the deck. 173 00:12:51,51 --> 00:12:53,09 The cover is raised over one tank 174 00:12:53,09 --> 00:12:56,52 that is being filled the men watch the oil gauge to see 175 00:12:56,52 --> 00:13:09,87 when the tank is full. 176 00:13:10,65 --> 00:13:16,07 Oil companies maintain large plants with storage tanks at the docks a million men 177 00:13:16,07 --> 00:13:18,94 work in the oil industry. 178 00:13:18,96 --> 00:13:20,33 In front of the freighter 179 00:13:20,33 --> 00:13:26,78 and oil barges loading these barges carry only oil to the ships often they refuel 180 00:13:26,78 --> 00:13:28,27 the ships at their own docks. 181 00:13:28,48 --> 00:13:31,59 Sometimes the barges refuel ships far out in the bay 182 00:13:32,79 --> 00:13:34,16 when a ship drops anchor in the harbor 183 00:13:34,16 --> 00:13:40,30 and refuels they're said to be at Bunkers oil is pipe through the heavy hoses from 184 00:13:40,30 --> 00:13:44,94 the barge to the ship the ship does not have cargo or passengers for the port. 185 00:13:45,09 --> 00:13:45,78 It saves time 186 00:13:45,78 --> 00:13:53,18 and money to refuel at bunkers across 187 00:13:53,19 --> 00:13:56,32 the Channel Bob sees a wrecked on oil tanker that burned at the dock. 188 00:13:57,44 --> 00:13:59,85 It is too soon for the salvage crews to enter the ship. 189 00:14:00,00 --> 00:14:02,91 Because there is still in the home that might explode. 190 00:14:04,23 --> 00:14:06,31 No one knows what caused the terrible explosion. 191 00:14:06,70 --> 00:14:11,62 Many were killed instantly others had to dive into the water covered with flaming 192 00:14:11,62 --> 00:14:13,81 oil and swim under water to safety. 193 00:14:14,87 --> 00:14:23,09 Just think one match thrown carelessly away could have caused this huge explosion. 194 00:14:23,86 --> 00:14:27,21 We understand now why the Ohio docks are built away from the mainland 195 00:14:27,21 --> 00:14:30,23 and why the refineries are built a way from the docks 196 00:14:34,88 --> 00:14:39,25 near his home. Bob likes to stop by the garage and watch the men work on the cars. 197 00:14:39,27 --> 00:14:42,71 Bill the mechanic tells the boys how to fix the broken 198 00:14:42,71 --> 00:14:47,02 or a line caused by a bad bump. 199 00:14:48,28 --> 00:14:52,26 Bob's friend works here after school and on Saturdays. 200 00:14:52,28 --> 00:14:54,68 Which is a new as much as today about a car 201 00:15:01,84 --> 00:15:02,65 heavy check the oil 202 00:15:02,65 --> 00:15:09,21 and adds a quart of oil is mighty important in keeping an automobile 203 00:15:09,21 --> 00:15:12,01 running smoothly as gasoline. 204 00:15:12,36 --> 00:15:16,54 It is needed as fuel for the engine and as Greece for many purposes. 205 00:15:16,94 --> 00:15:23,12 Just as it is needed to keep the machinery running in our big industrial plants the 206 00:15:23,13 --> 00:15:26,98 silver towers that make the refineries look like castles. 207 00:15:27,32 --> 00:15:33,05 Really are places where the oil products are me the crude oil in the towers as he 208 00:15:33,05 --> 00:15:37,88 said by steam is piped to the top of the tower to different degrees of heat 209 00:15:37,88 --> 00:15:41,93 and pressure break up the crude oil into many different products 210 00:15:43,10 --> 00:15:49,15 or products to the top of the tower like this can be run off the top 211 00:15:53,44 --> 00:16:00,16 down the length of the power price to understand what it was today 212 00:16:02,92 --> 00:16:07,67 changes miraculously and to power power to run the giant plants 213 00:16:07,67 --> 00:16:09,03 that make the things we need 214 00:16:09,03 --> 00:16:13,82 and use power to speed our modern trains ships airplanes 215 00:16:13,82 --> 00:16:18,92 and automobiles oil is a great industry supplying the needs of people throughout 216 00:16:18,92 --> 00:16:19,31 the world.